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Last updated: 2 December 2015
History and Evolution of
Technology Developments in Information
Technology Geographical
Clustering of Technology Cities and Technological
Skills Earlier links are at the top of each
section |
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John Cantwell and Giovanna Vertova,
“Historical Evolution of Technological Diversification,” Research Policy, Vol. 33 (2004), pp. 511-529. Available at: http://www.giovannavertova.it/JA06.pdf. The authors examine “from an historical perspective
the relationship between the degree of dispersion or focus of a country’s
technological specialisation and that country’s technological size”. They conclude that “government intervention
could be used as a bridging mechanism between the economic side of new
technological knowledge and the institutional side, thus supporting the
introduction and diffusion of new technology within the appropriate social
and institutional framework.” Robert J Gordon, “Is US
Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds,”
National Bureau of Economic Research, Working
Paper 18315, August 2012.
Available at: http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/economics/gordon/is%20us%20economic%20growth%20over.pdf. The authors suggests that “even if innovation
were to continue into the future at the rate of the two decades before 2007,
the US faces six headwinds that are in the process of dragging long-term
growth to half or less of the 1.9 percent annual rate experienced between
1860 and 2007. These include
demography, education, inequality, globalisation, energy/environment, and the
overhang of consumer and government debt.
A provocative “exercise in subtraction” suggests that future growth in
consumption per capita for the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution
could fall below 0.5 percent per year for an extended period of decades.” James Manyika,
Michael Chui, Jacques Bughin, Richard Dobbs, Peter Bisson, and Alex Marrs, “Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Till Transform
Life, Business, and the Global Economy,” Report from McKinsey Global
Institute, May 2013. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies?cid=disruptive_tech-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1305. The report identifies 12 technologies that “could
drive truly massive economic transformations and disruptions in the coming
years.” It also examines the way in which these technologies could change our
world, as well as their benefits and challenges. The technologies are as follows: mobile Internet, automation of knowledge
work, Internet of things, cloud technology, advanced robotics, autonomous
vehicles, genomics, energy storage, 3D printing, advanced materials, oil and
gas exploration/recovery and renewable energy.
Jaron Lanier, “Fixing the Digital
Economy”, The New York Times, 8
June 2013. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/opinion/sunday/fixing-the-digital-economy.html?ref=global. The article is a form of literary trailer
for the book published by Lanier entitled, “Who Owns the Future”. His main point in the trailer is: “the disruption and decentralisation of power
coincides with an intense and seemingly unbounded concentration of
power. What at first glance looks like
a contradiction makes perfect sense once one understands the nature of modern
power.” Elizabeth W Dunn and Michael
Norton, “Happier Spending”, The New
York Times, 22 June 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/opinion/sunday/happier-spending.html. The article describes how smart phones will soon
be fitted with an app that connects directly to the online equipment of a
store and allows buyers to state their names and allow their phones to manage
payments by credit card or direct debit after the shop assistant confirms the
photograph and other identification that will appear on the screen. It makes buying easier – perhaps too easy. Eric
Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAffee,
“The Dawn of the Abe of Artificial Intelligence,” The Atlantic, 14 February 2014.
Available at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/02/the-dawn-of-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/283730/. The article is based a recently published
book by the authors entitled, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and
Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. They
suggest that the artificial intelligence has now developed into a highly useful
form to open the way to huge strides in the production and application of
machine. Thomas
Schulz, “Tomorrowland: How Silicon Valley Shapes
Our Future,” Spiegel
Online, 4 March 2015. Available
at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/spiegel-cover-story-how-silicon-valley-shapes-our-future-a-1021557.html. “In
the Silicon Valley, a new elite is forming that
wants to determine not only what we consume, but also the way we live. They want to change the world, but they
don't want to accept any rules. Do
they need to be reined in?” Anand Giridharadas, ”Innovation Isn’t Making World Equal,” The New York Times, 13 April
2015. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/world/americas/innovation-isnt-making-world-equal.html. “Is technological innovation the
handmaiden of progress? People tend to
use the two concepts interchangeably.
But it’s possible that we live in a peculiar age that, in America at
least, is innovation-rich and progress-poor. Just as we came to learn that
democracy and liberalism don’t necessarily go together [ ] perhaps we are starting to discover
something we might call regressive innovation.” Chris
Mooney, “What Backing Up Your Home with Telsla’s
Battery Might Be Like,” The Washington
Post, 1 May 2015. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/05/01/what-backing-up-your-home-with-teslas-battery-might-be-like/?tid=hpModule_88854bf0-8691-11e2-9d71-f0feafdd1394&hpid=z19. “The article describes the way in which Tesla’s Powerwall works and comments on its likely cost with
installation in the USA. Somewhat higher
prices can be expected in Australia.” L Rafael Reif, “A Better Way to Deliver Innovation to the World,” The Washington Post, 22 May 2015. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-better-way-to-deliver-innovation-to-the-world/2015/05/22/35023680-fe28-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html. “According to Reif, who
is president of MIT: “Today, our highly optimised, venture-capital-driven
innovation system is simply not structured to support complex, slower-growing
concepts that could end up being hugely significant — the kind that might
lead to disruptive solutions to existential challenges in sustainable energy,
water and food security, and health.” Adam Thierer
and Andrea Castillo, “Projecting Growth and Economic Impact of the Internet
of Things,” Research Summary, Mercatus Centre,
George Mason University, 14 June 2015.
Available at: http://mercatus.org/publication/projecting-growth-and-economic-impact-internet-things. “The next big wave of
data-driven technological innovation will connect physical devices embedded
with tiny computing devices to the Internet in an effort to seamlessly
improve the measurements, communications, flexibility, and customisation of
our daily needs and activities.” Jeffrey Sachs, “How to Live Happily with Robots,” The American Prospect, 4 August 2015. Available at: http://prospect.org/article/how-live-happily-robots. “It takes extensive government intervention to assure
that gains of automation are broadly shared.” Charles Arthur, “Artificial Intelligence: ‘Homo Sapiens
Will Be Split into a Handful of Gods and the Rest of Us” The Guardian, 8 November 2015.
Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/nov/07/artificial-intelligence-homo-sapiens-split-handful-gods. “A new report suggests that the marriage of
artificial intelligence and robotics could replace so many jobs that the era
of mass employment could come to an end.” Cung Vu, “Future of Maritime Security: Role of
Science, Technology and Space,” Eurasian
Review, 28 November 2015.
Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/28112015-future-of-maritime-security-role-of-science-technology-and-space-analysis/. “No single country is seen as being able to
secure the maritime domain alone. Collaboration and information sharing with
partner nations can help to detect, identify, track, and interdict nearly all
vessels approaching coastal areas.” . |
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Information Technology |
Steve
Lohr, “IBM Mainframe Evolves to Serve the Digital
World,” The New York Times, 28
August 2012. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/technology/ibm-mainframe-evolves-to-serve-the-digital-world.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120828. The article gives a briefing on
recent developments in the use of mainframe computers. These computers costs more than $1 million, and
“higher-performance models with peripheral equipment often cost $10 million
or more. Yet even young companies and emerging nations, analysts say, find
the expense worth it for some tasks,” Mark
Raymond, “The Internet as a Global Commons?” Centre for International
Governance Innovation Series - Governing
the Internet: Chaos, Control of Consensus? 26 October, 2012. Available at: http://www.cigionline.org/publications/2012/10/internet-global-commons. Mark Raymond
describes the Internet as a set of nested clubs and gives attention to the
need to think explicitly about the rules for the three most basic types of
clubs: the club of all Internet users, the clubs comprised of each individual
Internet service provider (ISP) and its clients and the clubs of national
users. Associated
Press, “UN Group Favours Greater Government Roles in Internet Despite Western
Objections,” The Washington Post,
14 December 2012. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/un-group-favors-greater-government-roles-in-internet-despite-western-objections/2012/12/13/d2f48076-44f5-11e2-8c8f-fbebf7ccab4e_story.html. Although the
current debate concerns proposals for a non-enforceable treaty, it is useful
to note the line up for greater governmental control versus a free and open
World Wide Web. Editorial
Board, “Europe Moves Ahead on Privacy,” The
New York Times, 3 February 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/opinion/europe-moves-ahead-on-privacy-laws.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20130204&_r=0. The European Union is considering
far-reaching privacy regulations that would give the citizens of its member
countries significant control over how Web sites and marketing companies
collect and use data about them. Reviews
of the book, The New Digital Age:
Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business, by Erick Schmidt
and Jared Cohen, published by Alfred A Knopf, 2013 include: Jandt
Maslin in The New York Times, 26
April 2013, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/books/the-new-digital-age-by-eric-schmidt-and-jared-cohen.html. John
Naughton in The
Guardian, 28 April 2013, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/apr/29/digital-age-schmidt-cohen-review Matt Warman
in The Telegraph, 29 April 2013, at
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10018193/The-New-Digital-Age-by-Eric-Schmidt-and-Jared-Cohen-review.html Evgeny Morozov,
in The New Republic, 27 May
2013. Available at: http://www.newrepublic.com/article/113272/eric-schmidt-and-jared-cohenthe-new-digital-ages-futurist-schlock. Note that Morozov
suggested that “this book could
have been written by a three-handed economist.” Barto
Gellman and Laura Poitras, “US, British
Intelligence Mining Data from Nine US Internet Companies in Broad Secret
Program,” The Washington Post, 8
June 2013. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html. The article provides substantial detail about the
program, code-named PRISM, of the US National Security Agency for tapping
directly into the central servers “of leading US Internet companies,
extracting audio and video chats, photographs, emails, documents and
connection logs that enable analysts to track foreign targets”. This came from a “top-secret document
obtained by The Washington Post.”
Other related articles: Editorial,
“Surveillance in the US and UK: Spreading National Insecurity,” The Guardian, 10 June 2013. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/09/surveillance-us-uk-national-insecurity. Michael
Gerson, “A Power of Conviction,” The Washington Post, 11 June
2013. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-samantha-power-is-a-superb-choice-for-un-ambassador/2013/06/10/2f2ee872-d1ff-11e2-8cbe-1bcbee06f8f8_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines. The Editorial Board,
“Surveillance: A Threat to Democracy,” The
New York Times, 11 June 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/12/opinion/surveillance-a-threat-to-democracy.html?ref=global-home Elizabeth Farrelly,
“We’re Not So Safe Behind Our Firewall,” The
Sydney Morning Herald, 13 June 2013.
Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/comment/were-not-so-safe-behind-our-firewall-20130612-2o48t.html. Note also that
the eavesdropping capability of NSA was reported in detail in March 2012 by Wired at: http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1. Ross Douthat, “Your Smartphone Is Watching You,” The New York Times, 8 June 2013. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/opinion/sunday/douthat-your-smartphone-is-watching-you.html?ref=global. Douthat states: “the motto ‘nothing to hide, nothing to fear’ — or,
alternatively, ‘abandon all privacy, ye who enter here’ — might as well be
stamped on every smart phone and emblazoned on every social media log-in
page.” Because genuinely dangerous people are likely to be more easily caught
with their government’s potential access to email logs, phone records, video
chats, etc., many citizens will be willing to give up privacy for security. But it is a forfeiture of civil liberties
and, as he reiterates, just make sure you have nothing to hide. Additional
commentary by Maureen Dowd, “Peeping Barry,” The New York Times, 8 June 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/opinion/sunday/dowd-peeping-president-obama.html?ref=global. Editorial Board, “Debate Over
Government’s Use of Electronic Data Has Been Helpful”, The Washington Post,
23 June 2013. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/debate-over-governments-use-of-electronic-data-has-been-helpful/2013/06/22/329d5dde-d931-11e2-9df4-895344c13c30_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines. The editorial board commented on the
clarification of the two main issues by the White House and congressional
hearings. They expressed the view that
“we don’t see an argument for anti-government
hysteria in these considerations. We
do, however, want as informed a debate as possible about how the government
is balancing security and privacy.” Tim Hsia and Jared Sperli, “How Cyber Warfare and Drones Have Revolutionised
Warfare”, The New York Times, 17
July 2013. Available at: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/how-cyberwarfare-and-drones-have-revolutionized-warfare/. The authors discuss the latest developments in
advances in miitary weaponry, communications and
technology. They conclude that “like other major technological changes facing society
today, the problem will not be whether or not technology can accomplish a
certain feat but whether our nation’s leaders fully understand the moral,
social and political consequences of utilizing such technologies.” Vikas Bajaj, “Pay-Per-Like,” The New York Times, 7 January
2014. Available at: http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/pay-per-like/?ref=opinion. Most internet users know that
deception-on-the-web is easy to be found, but Vikas’
leading sentences may nevertheless come as a surprise: “It turns
out you can buy love, after all. Well,
at least affection on social media sites. For a price as low as half a cent
per click, companies, government agencies and entrepreneurs can get a small
army of people in developing countries to ‘like’ their Facebook
page, endorse them on LinkedIn or follow them on Twitter.” David Brooks, “What Machines
Can’t Do,” The New York Times, 3
February 2014. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/opinion/brooks-what-machines-cant-do.html?hp&rref=opinion&_r=0. David Brooks considers that certain mental skills
will become less valuable because computers will take over these tasks, while
other skills will increase in human value terms because computers will be
less effective in doing them. He
notes, especially “the voracious lust for
understanding, the enthusiasm for work, the ability to grasp the gist, the
empathetic sensitivity to what will attract attention and linger in the mind”
that many humans possess. Hilmar Schmundt and Gerald Traufetter,
“Digital Independence: NSA Scandal Boosts German Tech Industry,” Spiegel Online, 4 February 2014. Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/german-it-industry-looks-for-boom-from-snowden-revelations-a-950786.html. The authors report that “the German IT sector is
hoping to profit from trust lost in American technology firms in the
aftermath of the NSA spying scandal.
But critics warn that plans to create a European routing system could
affect the openness of the Internet.” Jeremy
Rifkin, “The Rise of Anti-Capitalism,” The
New York Times, 15 March 2014.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-anti-capitalism.html?src=rechp. The author’s opening remarks are as follows: “We are beginning to witness a paradox at
the heart of capitalism, one that has propelled it to greatness but is now
threatening its future. The inherent
dynamism of competitive markets is bringing costs so far down that many goods
and services are becoming nearly free, abundant, and no longer subject to
market forces.”
Note that Rifkin is the author of the soon-to-be-released book
entitled: The Zero Marginal Cost Society:
The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons and the Eclipse of
Capitalism. Jeff Sommermay,
“Defending the Open Internet,” The New
York Times, 10 May 2014. Available
at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/business/defending-the-open-internet.html. The author observed that despite the fact that
nearly everyone agrees with the notion that the Internet should be open and
free (net neutrality), considerable differences of opinion exist as,to the precise way of
achieving it. Nicole Perlroth
and David Gelles, “Russian Gang Amasses Over a
Billion Internet Passwords,” The New
York Times, 5 August 2014.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/technology/russian-gang-said-to-amass-more-than-a-billion-stolen-internet-credentials.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=LedeSum&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0. “A Russian crime
ring has amassed the largest known collection of stolen Internet credentials,
including 1.2 billion username and password combinations and more than 500
million email addresses, security researchers say.” Sue Halpern,
“The Creepy New Wave of the Internet,” The
New York Review of Books, 20 November 2015. Available at: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/nov/20/creepy-new-wave-internet/. This is a review of four Internet-related books
with a moderate degree of diversity with reference to the books’ objectives:
interconnectivity (sometimes referred to as the Third Industrial Revolution,
.The “Internet of things, sensing devices and privacy and finally the
potential economic impact of the evolution of the Internet. David Leyonhjelm, “Everyone Has
Something to Hide If Universal Data Retention Becomes Law in Australia,” The Guardian, 22 January 2015. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/22/everyone-has-something-to-hide-if-universal-data-retention-becomes-law-in-australia. “Metadata can provide an alarming amount of
information about an innocent individual’s activities, friends and
beliefs. It’s simply not necessary.” |
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Christopher Joye,
“Chinese Spies May Have Read All MP’s Emails for a
Year,” The Australian Financial Review,
28 April 2014. Available at: http://www.afr.com/p/technology/chinese_spies_may_have_read_all_sBngugTM3JvSXFkcjgo4cN. The author reports that the
Chinese intelligence agencies that penetrated Australia’s parliamentary
computer network in 2011 may have been inside the system for up to a year and
had access to documents and emails that reveal the political, professional
and social links across the political world, according to seven sources with
knowledge of the breach. Fareed
Zakaria, “China’s Cyber-Espionage Presents a 21st
Century Challenge,” The Washington Post,
23 May 2014. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-chinas-cyberespionage-presents-a-21st-century-challenge/2014/05/22/5983aaa4-e1f3-11e3-9743-bb9b59cde7b9_story.html?hpid=z3. The author states that “the Sino-Russian gas deal reminds us
that traditional geopolitics is alive and well. Washington knows how to work
its way in that world with its own alliances and initiatives. But cyber-espionage represents a new
frontier, and no one really has the ideas, tools or strategies to properly
address this challenge.” For additional comment see
Editorial, “America, China and the Hacking Threat,” The New York Times, 24 May 2014.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/opinion/sunday/america-china-and-the-hacking-threat.html?_r=0. Edward Wong, “American
Businesses in China Feel Heat of a Cyberdispute,” The New York Times, 31 May 2014. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/world/asia/american-businesses-in-china-feel-heat-of-a-cyberdispute.html?hp&_r=0. Chinese officials are ramping up
political and economic pressure on the United States government and large
technology companies following the Justice Department’s announcement on May
19 of indictments
against five members of the Chinese Army on charges of economic cyberespionage.
Prominent Chinese officials, agencies and commentators have announced
or called for measures that are widely seen as retribution for Washington’s
latest charges as well as earlier related accusations, raising the spectre of
a trade war and stoking anxiety among American companies that do business
here. Nicole Perlroth
and David E Sanger, “US Embedded Spyware Overseas, Report Claims,” The New York Times, 16 February
2014. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/technology/spyware-embedded-by-us-in-foreign-networks-security-firm-says.html. Apparently we now need to worry about bugs
in our firmware. What’s next? Contaminated terrafirmware?
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Aaron Chatterji,
Edward L Glaeser and Willirm
R Kerr, “Clusters of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,” NBER Working Paper No.
19013, May 2013. Available for
purchase at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w19013. The authors discuss
rationales for the agglomeration of entrepreneurship and innovation
activities and the economic consequences of the resulting clusters. They also identify policies that are being
pursued in the United States to encourage local entrepreneurship and
innovation, though they admit to having limited as to what specific policy
supports works and how it works. |
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Nicola Gennaioli,
Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de Silanes and and Andrei Shleifer, “Human Capital and Regional Development,”
National Bureau of Economic Research, Working
Paper 17158, June 2011. Available
at: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/human_capital_qje_final.pdf. The authors use a database of more than 1,500
sub-national regions from 110 countries to examine the factors that influence
differences in regional development. The evidence points
to “the paramount importance of human capital in accounting for regional
differences in development, but also suggests from model estimation and
calibration that entrepreneurial inputs and possibly human capital
externalities help understand the data.” |
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“Big Data” Technology |
Kenneth
Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger,
“The Rise of Big Data: How It’s Changing the Way We Think About the World,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 3
(May/June 2013), pp. 28-40. The authors
suggest that “big data” is about more than communication. It is about learning more by distilling
comprehensive information from very large data sets than could normally be
acquired from a sample of data. Its
objective is to carry description to the point of approaching the universe of
information in the hope that insights will emerge from massive sets of
sometimes messy data. Martin
U Müller, Marcel Rosenbach
and Thomas Schultz, “Living by the Numbers: Big Data Knows What Your Future
Holds,” Spiegel Online, 17 May
2013. Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/big-data-enables-companies-and-researchers-to-look-into-the-future-a-899964.html. The lead-in to the article states: “Forget Big Brother. Companies and countries are discovering
that algorithms programmed to scour vast quantities of data can be much more
powerful. They can predict your next
purchase, forecast car thefts and maybe even help cure cancer.” But there is a down side. Chrystia
Freeland, “Some Cracks in the Cult of Technocrats”, The New York Times, 23 May 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/24iht-letter24.html?src=rechp. Chrystia examines the
recent research by work by Daron Acemoglu and James A Robinson (“Economics Versus
Politics: Pitfalls of Policy Advice”, available for purchase at http://www.nber.org/papers/w18921). She notes the Acemoglu-Robinson
critique is not the “standard technocrat’s lament that wise policy is, alas,
politically impossible to implement.
Instead their concern is that policy which is eminently sensible in
theory can fail in practice because of its unintended political
consequences. In particular, they
believe we need to be cautious about ‘good’ economic policies that have the side
effect of either reinforcing already dominant groups or weakening already
frail.” Matthew M Aid, “Inside the NSA’s Ultra-Secret China Hacking Group”, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/10/inside_the_nsa_s_ultra_secret_china_hacking_group. The article states that “according to a number of confidential sources, a highly secretive unit of
the National Security Agency (NSA), the US government's huge electronic
eavesdropping organisation, called the Office of Tailored Access
Operations, or TAO, has successfully penetrated Chinese computer and
telecommunications systems for almost 15 years, generating some of the best
and most reliable intelligence information about what is going on inside the
People's Republic of China.”
Apparently the scale of hacking has grown so large that Chinese
authorities became aware of it so TAO became too big to be secret. Henry Kautz,
“There’s a Fly in My Tweets,” The New
York Times, 21 June 2013.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/opinion/sunday/theres-a-fly-in-my-tweets.html?hp. The author describes how a research group at the University of Rochester
analysed Twitter postings from millions of mobile phone users in New York
City to develop a system to monitor food-poisoning outbreaks at restaurants.
Xinhua, “Commentary: Snowden
Case Vindicates Need for Global Cyber Security Rules,” People’s Daily, 1 July 2013.
Available at: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/8306550.html. The article states: “With the Snowden case being further exposed to the entire
world, it is crystal clear that |
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